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The complete nucleotide sequence of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate C1 (HearSNPV-C1) was determined and analyzed by comparing with the genome of HearSNPV-G4 isolate. C1 and G4 isolates occurred in the same host species and geographic location but showed different virulence. The HearSNPV-C1 genome consisted of 130,759 bp and 137 putative open reading frames larger...
Genotype 1a is a most prevalent genotype of hepatitis C virus in North America yet HCV replication has been studied predominantly with genotype 1b subgenomic replicons under neomycin selection in Huh-7 cells. Development of 1a-related dicistronic replicons under neo selection proved difficult and required either “conditioned” Huh-7 cells and/or chimeric genomes harboring pre-engineered adaptive mutations...
Biologic activity of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) surface (SU) glycoprotein was assayed in a mouse model. Recombinant SU from virulent EIAV 17 (SU 17 ), administered intraperitoneally to mouse pups, induced dose-dependent diarrheal responses similar to those reported for SIV SU (Virology 277 (2000) 250). SU 17 caused fluid accumulation without histological lesions...
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is nonenveloped and has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. CVB3 induces myocarditis and ultimately dilated cardiomyopathy. Although there are mounting evidences of an interaction between CVB3 particles and the cellular receptors, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF), very little is known about the mechanisms of internalization...
We analyzed the factors influencing the binding of polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G from HIV-infected patients to primary isolates (PI) in capture assays and a potential correlation between this binding and neutralization. The fixation of antibodies (Abs) to viral particles was measured by quantifying the capture of 4 PI by purified IgG immobilized onto a plate or by analyzing the capture of IgG–virus...
Mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the involvement of the “loop-sequence” (which is flanked by a pair of 11-nucleotide inverted repeats) at the origin of DNA replication of porcine circovirus type 1 with respect to viral protein synthesis, DNA self-replication and progeny virus production. The results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (A 1 G 2 T 3 A 4 ...
The Red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein (MP) is essential for cell-to-cell movement. Eight previously characterized alanine-scanning mutants of the MP were fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed from viral infectious transcripts. Inoculated plants were assayed for movement and intracellular accumulation of MP by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. A strict correlation...
Many viruses that assemble their capsids in the eukaryotic cytoplasm require a threshold concentration of capsid protein to achieve capsid assembly. Strategies for achieving this include maintaining high levels of capsid protein synthesis and targeting to specific sites to raise the effective concentration of capsid polypeptides. To understand how different viruses achieve the threshold capsid protein...
Sensitized CD4 + T cells play an essential role in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) elicited by HSV-1 antigen. As activated CD4 + T cells express CXCR3, we investigated whether this chemokine receptor was involved in their recruitment. Antibody blockade of CXCR3 suppressed DTH, whereas ear pinna swelling was not impaired in mice lacking the gene for CCR5, another frequently expressed...
The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) EICP27 protein cooperates with either the immediate-early (IE) or the EICP0 protein to synergistically trans-activate viral promoters. GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the EICP27 protein's cooperation with the IE or the EICP0 protein involves its physical interaction with these viral proteins. In the case of the IE–EICP27 protein interaction,...
Plasma virus in human immunodeficiency virus type 1/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/SIV) infection most likely results from the combination of viruses produced in different tissues. As immunological pressure may be higher in effector sites than secondary lymphoid tissues, we investigated quantitative and qualitative changes in viral RNA in blood and tissues of 10 Mamu-A*01-positive SIV-infected...
The human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic retrovirus that is etiologically linked to the genesis of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) as well as HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Emerging evidence suggests that the pathogenicity of HTLV-I involves deregulated activation of immune cells, especially T lymphocytes, although the underlying mechanism remains...
The Rta homolog encoded by murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) gene 50 is essential for virus replication and is capable of driving virus reactivation from the S11 latently infected B lymphoma cell line. Here we characterize Rta activation of γHV68 gene 57, which is abundantly transcribed during the early phase of virus replication. Infection of murine fibroblasts with an Rta null virus demonstrated...
Toscana virus (TOSV) has recently been recognized as an emerging virus transmitted by phlebotomus vectors, responsible for acute neurological diseases in Mediterranean countries. In our study, we demonstrated that adult Balb/c mice were susceptible to TOSV when infected intracerebrally (ic.) or subcutaneously (sc.) with a neuroadapted strain of the virus. We have shown that by performing serial passages...
DNA vaccines and recombinant Listeria monocytogenes that express and secrete SIV Gag and Env antigens were combined in a nonhuman primate prime-boost immunogenicity study followed by a challenge with SIV239. We report that recombinant DNA vaccine delivered intramuscularly, and recombinant L. monocytogenes delivered orally each individually have the ability to induce CD8 + and CD4 + ...
Tula virus is a member of the Hantavirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae. Viruses of this family have an unusual pattern of intracellular maturation at the ER–Golgi compartment. We recently found that Tula virus, similar to several other hantaviruses, is able to induce apoptosis in cultured cells [Li, X.D., Kukkonen, S., Vapalahti, O., Plyusnin, A., Lankinen, H., Vaheri, A., 2004. Tula hantavirus...
Human astrovirus nonstructural C-terminal nsP1a protein, which contains a hypervariable region (HVR) and colocalizes with the endoplasmic reticulum and viral RNA, has been suggested to be involved in the RNA replication process. Four viruses differing only in their C-terminal nsP1a protein, corresponding to HVR-derived genotypes IV, V, VI, and XII, were all able to replicate in CaCo-2 cells but displayed...
Rotavirus infection of cultured cells induces a progressive increase in plasma membrane permeability to Ca 2+ . The viral product responsible for this effect is not known. We have used tunicamycin and brefeldin A to prevent glycosylation and membrane traffic and study the involvement of viral glycoproteins, NSP4 and/or VP7, in rotavirus-infected HT29 and MA104 cells. In infected cells, we...
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